Is the fashion industry guilty of manipulating cultural heritage for financial gain?

The women embroiderers of the remote Mexican mountain village of Tenango de Doria made worldwide headlines this week when their government went to war with an American designer for "plagiarising" their patterns.

Wes Gordon, the artistic director of the New York label founded by Venezuelan designer Carolina Herrera, found himself accused of cultural appropriation.

The women of the indigenous community in the east of the country told AFP how they felt cheated of their traditional motifs where "each element has a personal, family or community meaning".

It is the latest in a long line of controversies where multinational brands stand accused of ransacking the cultural heritage of poor villagers.

Four years ago another indigenous Mexican community complained that the French designer Isabel Marant had lifted a 600-year-old Tlahuitoltepec blouse design that is the symbol of the Mixe people.

Mexico has also previously protested about Zara, Mango and Michael Kors designs.

Country officials call for tighter copyright laws

Some of the country's leaders now want to toughen a copyright law that already protects traditional patterns to punish "plagiarism that different indigenous peoples have suffered".

It is a suggestion that sent a chill down the spines of some designers at Paris fashion week.

Berluti's new artistic director Kris van Assche -- who headed Dior's menswear line for 11 years -- told AFP that "when I was at fashion school we learned that there was nothing shameful about taking inspiration from other cultures.

"We must be careful not to attack everybody for everything," the Belgian creator added.

Rising young Spanish star Alejandro Gomez Palomo still more forthright. "Cultural appropriation is something we should all forget," said the designer, who refuses to leave his own Andalusian village where his Palomo Spain label is based.

Fashion designers defend their actions

"Culture belongs to everyone. Rather than harming us, (referencing indigenous styles) brings us all a little closer and Mexico to the world," he added, stoutly defending Gordon and the veteran Herrera, who stepped back from designing last year.

"It's like people accused me of cultural appropriation for having a frilly (gypsy) dress," he declared.

British designer Kim Jones, who took over last year from Van Assche at Dior Homme, has a more nuanced view, insisting "a huge amount of sensitivity has to be put into place.

"You have to treat everyone with a great deal of respect. I grew up all over the world so you see how things are very particular. In Africa if you go even from village to village you see a different styling.

"But as long as you speak to the people, work with them and listen to them and celebrate what they do it is fine," he added.

Protests agains big brands

Jones, however, learned the hard way during his long reign at Louis Vuitton just how fine the line between homage and appropriation can be.

Having grown up in Kenya and Tanzania, he referenced the shuka, the famous red and blue checked robe of the Maasai people, in a 2012 Vuitton menswear show.

It sparked protests from some, particularly as the cloth was woven in Scotland.

But in a twist which shows how complex these issues can become, the shuka had its origins in the tartan that Scottish traders and missionaries brought to East Africa's Great Rift Valley in the 19th century.

The Maasai have since hired lawyers to wring cash and credit from companies like Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Jaguar Land Rover and other multinationals who have used Maasai iconography.

"With the Maasai, Vuitton made a donation," he revealed.

For Jones the thorny issue boils down to two choices, "whether it is cultural appreciation or cultural appropriation".

Designers can get carried away with themselves "trying to make stories out of things but sometimes they do not know the backstory, the history.

"But if someone has made the things with the people who actually create them in the first place, that is something that is actually positive," he added.

"When I worked with things that have been culturally referenced we either asked permission of the people that worked with it and they get a royalty, or we work with them to make the things, so you are actually helping them, which is really essential."

New York designer Thom Browne agreed, telling AFP Saturday that "everybody has to be conscious and sensitive to the world".

But for the Danish creator Henrik Vibskov there has to be a bigger philosophical leap.

"The world we live in is getting smaller and the only way mankind can reflect this is by meeting other peoples.

"Hopefully this generation creates a new culture," he added.(AFP)

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